Keyword
|
Definition
|
Vietnamese
|
Absolute causality
|
Means the
cause is necessary and sufficient to bring about the effect.
|
Nguyên nhân tất yếu
|
Abstract level
|
In theory
development, the level of knowledge expressing a concept that exists only as
an idea or a quality apart from an object.
|
Mức độ trừu tượng
|
Acquiescence bias
|
A tendency for
respondents to agree with all or most questions asked of them in a survey.
|
Xu hướng người trả lời đồng ý với tất cả hay hầu
hết các câu hỏi của họ trong một cuộc khảo sát.
|
Administrative error
|
An error
caused by the improper administration or execution of the research task.
|
|
Analysis of variance (anova)
|
Analysis
involving the investigation of the effects of one treatment variable on an
intervalscaled dependent variable-a hypothesis testing
technique to determine whether statistically significant differences in means
occur between two or more groups.
|
Phân tích phương sai
|
Applied business research
|
Research
conducted to address a specific business decision for a specific firm or organization.
|
Nghiên cứu kinh doanh ứng dụng: Nghiên cứu được
tiến hành để giải quyết một quyết định kinh doanh cụ thể nào đó cho một công
ty hay tổ chức cụ thể.
|
Attitude
|
An enduring
disposition to consistently respond in a given manner to various aspects of
the world composed of affective, cognitive, and behavioral components.
|
Thái độ
|
Attribute
|
A single
characteristic or fundamental feature of an object, person, situation, or
issue.
|
Thuộc tính
|
Back translation
|
Taking a
questionnaire that has previously been translated into another language and
having a second, independent translator translate it back to the original
language.
|
Dịch ngược
|
Backward linkage
|
Implies that
later steps influence earlier stages of the research process.
|
Liên hệ ngược
|
Balanced rating scale
|
A
fixed-alternative rating scale with an equal number of positive and negative
categories; a neutral point or point of indifference is at the center of the
scale.
|
Thang đánh giá cân bằng
|
Basic experimental design
|
An experimental
design in which only one variable is manipulated.
|
Một thiết kế
thử nghiệm, trong đó chỉ có một biến được thao tác.
|
Behavioral differential
|
A rating scale
instrument similar to a semantic differential, developed to measure the
behavioral intentions of subjects toward future actions.
|
Sự khác biệt hành vi
|
Between-groups variance
|
The sum of
differences between the group mean and the grand mean summed over all groups
for a given set of observations.
|
Phương sai giữa các nhóm
|
Bivariate statistical analysis
|
Statistical
test involving two variables.
|
Phân tích thống kê hai biến
|
Box and
whisker plots
|
Graphic
representations of central tendencies, percentiles, variabilities, and the
shapes of frequency distributions.
|
Biểu đồ
hộp-và-râu
|
Business
ethics
|
The
application of morals to behavior related to the exchange environment.
|
Đạo đức kinh doanh
|
Business intelligence
|
The subset of
data and information that actually has some explanatory power enabling
effective decisions to be made.
|
Giải pháp quản
trị doanh nghiệp thông minh
|
Business
opportunity
|
A situation
that makes some potential competitive advantage possible.
|
Cơ hội kinh doanh
|
Business
problem
|
A situation
that makes some significant negative
Consequence
more likely.
|
Vấn đề doanh nghiệp
|
Business research
|
The
application of the scientific method in
Searching for
the truth about business phenomena. These activities include defining
business opportunities and problems, generating and evaluating ideas,
monitoring performance, and understanding the business process.
|
Điều tra tình hình doanh nghiệp
|
Case study
|
The documented
history of a particular person, group, organization, or event.
|
Nghiên cứu tình huống
|
Categorical
variable
|
A variable
that indicates membership in some group.
|
Biến thứ bậc
|
Causal
inference
|
A conclusion
that when one thing happens, another specific thing will follow.
|
Suy luận nhân quả
|
Causal research
|
Allows causal
inferences to be made; seeks to identify cause-and-effect relationships.
|
Nghiên cứu quan hệ nhân quả
|
Census
|
An
investigation of all the individual elements that make up a population.
|
Nhân khẩu học
|
Central
location interviewing
|
Telephone
interviews conducted from a central location, allowing firms to hire a staff
of professional interviewers and to supervise and control the quality of interviewing
more effectively.
|
Các cuộc phỏng
vấn qua điện thoại từ một vị trí trung tâm, cho phép các công ty thuê đội ngũ
nhân viên phỏng vấn chuyên nghiệp và giám sát, kiểm soát chất lượng phỏng vấn
hiệu quả hơn.
|
Chi-square (x2)
test
|
One of the
basic tests for statistical significance that is particularly appropriate for
testing hypotheses about frequencies arranged in a frequency or contingency
table.
|
Kiểm định
chi-square
|
Choice
|
A measurement
task that identifies preferences by requiring respondents to choose between
two or more alternatives.
|
Lựa chọn
|
Click-through
rate
|
Proportion of
people who are exposed to an internet ad who actually click on its hyperlink
to enter the web site; click-through rates are generally very low.
|
Tỷ lệ click chuột
|
Cluster analysis
|
A multivariate
approach for grouping observations based on similarity among measured
variables.
|
Phân tích cụm
|
Cluster
sampling
|
An
economically efficient sampling technique in
which the
primary sampling unit is not the individual element in the population but a
large cluster of elements; clusters are
Selected
randomly.
|
Chọn mẫu cụm
|
Code book
|
A book that
identifies each variable in a study and gives the variable’s description,
code name, and position in the data matrix.
|
Mã sách
|
Codes
|
Rules for
interpreting, classifying, and recording data in the coding process; also,
the actual numerical or other character symbols assigned to raw data.
|
Mật mã
|
Coding
|
The process of
assigning a numerical score or other character symbol to previously edited
data.
|
Mã hóa
|
Construct validity
|
Construct
validity exists when a measure reliably and truthfully represents a unique
concept; consists of several components including face validity, content
validity, criterion validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity.
|
Tính hiệu lực của
nhân tố
|
Consumer panel
|
A longitudinal
survey of the same sample of individuals or households to record their
attitudes, behavior, or purchasing habits over time.
|
Nhóm người tiêu dùng
|
Content
analysis
|
The systematic
observation and quantitative description of the content of communication.
|
Phân tích nội dung
|
Content
providers
|
Parties that
furnish information on the world wide web.
|
Hệ thống cung cấp thông tin
|
Content
validity
|
The degree to
which a measure covers the breadth of the domain of interest.
|
Độ chính xác về nội dung
|
Contingency
table
|
A data matrix
that displays the frequency of
some
combination of possible responses to multiple variables;
Cross-tabulation
results.
|
Bảng phân phối xác suất
|
Continuous
variable
|
A variable
that can take on a range of values that correspond to some quantitative
amount.
|
Biến số liên tục
|
Control group
|
A group of
subjects to whom no experimental treatment is administered.
|
Kiểm soát nhóm
|
Convenience
sampling
|
The sampling
procedure of obtaining those people or units that is most conveniently
available.
|
Mẫu thuận tiện
|
Cookies
|
Small computer
files that a content provider can save onto the computer of someone who
visits its web site.
|
Là một dạng tập tin được tạo ra và lưu lại trên
trình duyệt khi người dùng truy cập một website.
|
Correlation
coefficient
|
A standardized
statistical measure of the covariation, or association, between two at-least
interval variables.
|
Hệ số tương quan
|
Correlation
matrix
|
The standard
form for reporting correlation
Coefficients
for more than two variables.
|
Ma trận tương quan
|
Correspondence
rules
|
These indicate
the way that a certain value on a scale corresponds to some true value of a
concept.
|
Nguyên tắc thư
tín
|
Covariance
|
Extent to
which two variables are associated systematically with each other.
|
Hiệp phương sai
|
Cover letter
|
Letter that
accompanies a questionnaire to induce the
Reader to
complete and return the questionnaire.
|
Thư đi kèm với
một bảng câu hỏi để người đọc hoàn thành và trả lại bảng
câu hỏi.
|
Criterion
validity
|
The ability of
a measure to correlate with other
Standard
measures of similar constructs or established criteria.
|
Đánh giá dựa vào
các tiêu chuẩn
|
Critical
values
|
The values
that lie exactly on the boundary of the
region
of rejection.
|
Giá trị tới hạn
|
Cross-checks
|
The comparison
of data from one source with data from another source to determine the
similarity of independent Projects.
|
Kiểm tra chéo
|
Cross-functional teams
|
Employee teams
composed of individuals from various functional areas such as engineering, production,
finance,
and marketing who share a common purpose.
|
Nhóm liên chức
năng
|
Cross-sectional
study
|
A study in
which various segments of a population are sampled and data are collected at
a single moment in time.
|
Nghiên cứu tiêu biểu tại một thời điểm
|
Cross-tabulation
|
The
appropriate technique for addressing research questions involving
relationships among multiple lessthan interval variables; results in a
combined frequency table displaying one variable in rows and another in columns.
|
Phương pháp phân tích bảng chéo
|
Cross-validate
|
To verify that
the empirical findings from one culture also exist and behave similarly in
another culture.
|
Kiểm chứng chéo
|
Custom research
|
Research
projects that are tailored specifically to a client’s unique needs.
|
Dự án nghiên cứu được thiết kế đặc biệt cho nhu
cầu riêng biệt của khách hàng.
|
Customer
discovery
|
Involves
mining data to look for patterns identifying who is likely to be a valuable
customer.
|
Liên quan đến
việc khai thác dữ liệu để tìm kiếm những khách
hàng có giá trị.
|
Customer
relationship management (crm)
|
Part of the
dss
That addresses
exchanges between the firm and its customers.
|
Quản trị quan hệ khách hàng
|
Data
|
Facts or
recorded measures of certain phenomena.
|
Dữ liệu
|
Data analysis
|
The
application of reasoning to understand the data that have been gathered.
|
Phân tích dữ liệu
|
Data
conversion
|
The process of
changing the original form of the data to a format suitable to achieve the
research objective; also called data transformation.
|
Chuyển đổi dữ liệu
|
Data entry
|
The activity
of transferring data from a research project to computers.
|
Nhập dữ liệu
|
Data file
|
The way a data
set is stored electronically in spread sheet like form in which the rows
represent sampling units and the columns represent variables.
|
Tập tin dữ liệu
|
Data integrity
|
The notion
that the data file actually contains the information that the researcher
promised the decision maker he or she would obtain, meaning in part that the
data have been edited and properly coded so that they are useful to the
decision maker.
|
Tính trung thực của dữ liệu
|
Data mining
|
The use of
powerful computers to dig through volumes of data to discover patterns about
an organization’s customers and products; applies to many different forms of
analysis.
|
Khai thác dữ liệu
|
Data
transformation
|
Process of
changing the data from their original form to a format suitable for
performing a data analysis addressing research objectives.
|
Chuyển dạng dữ liệu
|
Data warehouse
|
The
multitiered computer storehouse of current and historical data.
|
Lưu trữ dữ liệu
|
Data
warehousing
|
The process
allowing important day-to-day operational data to be stored and organized for
simplified access.
|
Kho dữ liệu
|
Database
marketing
|
The use of
customer databases to promote one-to-one relationships with customers and
create precisely targeted promotions.
|
Cơ sở dữ liệu tiếp thị
|
Database
|
A collection
of raw data arranged logically and organized in a form that can be stored and
processed by a computer.
|
Cơ sở dữ liệu
|
Data-processing
error
|
A category of administrative
error that occurs because of incorrect data entry, incorrect computer
programming, or other procedural errors during data analysis.
|
Lỗi xử lý dữ liệu
|
Debriefing
|
Procedure in
which research subjects are fully informed and provided with a chance to ask
any questions they may have about the experiment.
|
Phỏng vấn
|
Decision
making
|
The process of
developing and deciding among alternative ways of resolving a problem or
choosing from among alternative opportunities.
|
Ra quyết định
|
Decision
support system (dss)
|
A
computer-based system that helps decision makers confronts problems through
direct interaction with databases and analytical software programs.
|
Hệ thống hỗ trợ quyết định
|
Deductive
reasoning
|
The logical
process of deriving a conclusion about a specific instance based on a known
general premise or something known to be true.
|
Lý luận diễn dịch
|
Degrees of
freedom (df )
|
The number of
observations minus the number of constraints or assumptions needed to
calculate a statistical term.
|
Độ phân phối theo luật Chi-square với bậc tự do
|
Dependent
variable
|
A process
outcome or a variable that is predicted
and/or explained by other variables.
|
Biến phụ thuộc
|
Depth
interview
|
A one-on-one
interview between a professional
researcher
and a research respondent conducted about some relevant
business or social topic.
|
Phỏng vấn sâu
|
Descriptive
analysis
|
The elementary transformation
of raw data
in
a way that describes the basic characteristics such as central tendency, distribution,
and variability.
|
Phân tích mô tả
|
Descriptive
research
|
A type of
research that describes characteristics
of
objects, people, groups, organizations, or environments
and
tries
to “paint a picture” of a given situation.
|
Nghiên cứu mô tả
|
Descriptive statistics
|
Statistics
which summarize and describe the data in a
simple and understandable manner.
|
Thống kê mô tả
|
Dialog boxes
.
|
Windows that
open on a computer screen to
prompt
the user to enter information
|
Hộp thoại
|
Discriminant
analysis
|
A statistical
technique for predicting the probability
that an object will belong in one of two or more mutually
exclusive categories (dependent variables), based on
several
independent variables.
|
Phân tích sự khác
biệt
|
Discriminant
validity
|
A type of
validity that represents how unique
or
distinct a measure is; a scale should not correlate too highly with a measure of a different construct.
|
Độ giá trị phân
biệt
|
Double-barreled question
|
A question
that may induce bias because it covers two issues at once.
|
Câu hỏi có nhiều hơn một ý
|
Dummy tables
|
Tables placed
in research proposals that are exact representations of the actual tables
that will show results in the final report with the exception that the
results are hypothetical (fictitious).
|
Bảng trống, bảng giả (mock tables)
|
Dummy variable
|
The way a
dichotomous (two group) independent
variable
is represented in regression analysis by assigning a 0 to one group and a 1
to the other.
|
Biến giả
|
Editing
|
The process of
checking the Completeness,
consistency, and legibility of data and making the data ready for coding and
transfer to storage.
|
Hiệu chỉnh/Biên tập
|
Elaboration analysis
|
An analysis of
the basic cross–tabulation for each level of a variable not previously
considered, such as subgroups of the sample.
|
Phân tích chi tiết
|
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
|
A type of
exchange that occurs when one company’s computer system is integrated with
another company’s system.
|
Trao đổi dữ liệu điện tử
|
E-mail surveys
|
Surveys
distributed through electronic mail.
|
Khảo sát qua thư điện tử
|
Empirical level
|
A level of
knowledge that is verifiable by experience or observation.
|
Mức độ khảo sát thực nghiệm
|
Empirical testing
|
Examining a
research hypothesis against reality using data.
|
Kiểm tra thực nghiệm
|
Environmental scanning
|
A research
method that entails all information gathering designed to detect changes in
the external operating environment of the firm.
|
Nghiên cứu bao quát môi trường
|
Error trapping
|
The use of
software to control the flow of an Internet questionnaire—for example, to
prevent respondents from returning to previous questions or failing to answer
a question
|
Bắt lỗi/bẫy lỗi
|
Ethical dilemma
|
A situation in
which one chooses form alternative
courses of
actions, each with different ethical implications.
|
Cách thức giải quyết về đạo đức
|
Ethnography
|
The study of
cultures through methods that involve becoming highly active within that
culture
|
Dân tộc học/or Chủng tộc học
|
Evaluation research
|
The formal,
objective measurement and appraisal of the extent to which a given activity,
project, or program has achieved its objectives.
|
Nghiên cứu đánh giá
|
Experiment
|
A carefully
controlled study in which the researcher manipulates a proposed cause and
observes any corresponding change in the proposed effect.
|
Thử nghiệm
|
Experimental condition
|
One of the
possible levels of an experimental variable manipulation.
|
Điều kiện thử nghiệm
|
Experimental group
|
A group of
subjects to whom an experimental treatment is administered.
|
Nhóm thử nghiệm
|
Experimental treatment
|
The term
referring to the way an experimental variable is manipulated
|
Xử lý thử nghiệm
|
Experimental variable
|
The proposed
cause, controlled by the researcher who manipulates it.
|
Biến thử nghiệm
|
Exploratory research
|
A type of
research conducted to clarify ambiguous situations or discover ideas that may
be potential business opportunities.
|
Nghiên cứu thăm dò
|
External data
|
Data created,
recorded, or generated by an entity other than the researcher’s organization.
|
Dữ liệu bên ngoài
|
External validity
|
The accuracy
with which experimental results
can be
generalized beyond the experimental subjects
|
Giá trị bên ngoài
|
Extraneous
variables
|
Variables that
naturally exist in the environment and that may have some systematic effect
on the dependent variable.
|
Biến ngoại lai
|
Extremity bias
|
A category of
response bias that results because some individuals tend to use extremes when
responding to questions.
|
Khuynh hướng biên
|
Eye-tracking
monitor
|
A mechanical
device used to observe eye movements; some eye monitors use infrared light
beams to measure unconscious eye movements.
|
Màn hình theo dõi chuyển động của mắt
|
Face validity
|
A scale’s
content logically appears to reflect what was intended to be measured
|
Giá trị bề ngoài
|
Factor
analysis
|
A prototypical
multivariate, interdependence technique that statistically identifies a
reduced number of factors from a larger number of measured variables.
|
Phân tích yếu tố, các phương pháp rút gọn data
|
Factor loading
|
Indicates how
strongly a measured variable is correlated with a factor.
|
Factor loading
|
Factor
rotation
|
A mathematical
way of simplifying factor analysis results to better identify which variables
“load on” which factors; the most common procedure is varimax.
|
Xoay các nhân tố
|
Factorial
design
|
A design that
allows for the testing of the effects of two or more treatments (experimental
variables) at various levels
|
Thiết kế thừa số
|
Fax survey
|
A survey that
uses fax machines as a way for respondents to receive and return
questionnaires
|
Khảo sát qua fax
|
Field
|
A collection
of characters that represents a single type of data—usually a variable.
|
Phạm vi
|
Field editing
|
Preliminary
editing by a field supervisor on the same day as the interview to catch
technical omissions, check legibility of handwriting, and clarify responses
that are logically or conceptually inconsistent.
|
Hiệu chỉnh theo phạm vi
|
Field experiments
|
Research
projects involving experimental manipulations that are implemented in a
natural environment
|
Thử nghiệm ngoài hiện trường
|
Field interviewing service
|
A research
supplier that specializes in gathering data.
|
Dịch vụ phỏng vấn ngoài hiện trường
|
Field notes
|
The
researcher’s descriptions of what actually happens in the field; these notes
then become the text from which meaning is extracted.
|
Ghi chú trên hiện trường
|
Fieldworker
|
An individual
who is responsible for gathering data in
the field.
|
Người làm công tác nghiên cứu ngoài hiện trường
|
Filter
question
|
A question
that screens out respondents who are not qualified to answer a second
question.
|
Câu hỏi gạn lọc
|
Fixed-alternative
questions
|
Questions in
which respondents are given specific, limited-alternative responses and asked
to choose the one closest to their own viewpoint.
|
Câu hỏi lựa chọn trong giới hạn
|
Focus blog
|
A type of
informal, “continuous” focus group established as an Internet blog for the
purpose of collecting qualitativev data from participant comments.
|
Diễn đàn tập trung
|
Focus group
|
A small group
that discusses some research topic, led by a moderator who guides discussion
among the participants.
|
Nhóm tập trung
|
Focus group
interview
|
An
unstructured, free-flowing interview with a small group of around six to ten
people. Focus groups are led by a trained moderator who follows a flexible
format encouraging dialogue among respondents.
|
Phỏng vấn theo nhóm tập trung
|
Foot-in-the-door
compliance technique
|
A technique
for obtaining
a high
response rate; compliance with a large or difficult task
is induced by
first obtaining the respondent’s compliance with a
smaller
request.
|
Kỹ thuật tuân theo nguyên tắc “kẹt chân trong
cửa”/or “chặn chân lên bậc cửa”
|
Forced
answering software
|
Software that
prevents respondents from continuing with an Internet questionnaire if they
fail to answer a question
|
Phần mềm trả lời bắt buộc
|
Forced-choice
rating scale
|
A
fixed-alternative rating scale that requires respondents to choose one of the
fixed alternatives
|
Quy mô đánh giá theo lực chọn bắt buộc
|
Forecast
analyst
|
Employee who
provides technical assistance such as running computer programs and
manipulating data to generate a sales forecast
|
Nhà phân tích dự báo
|
Forward
linkage
|
A connection
that implies that the earlier stages of the research process influence the
later stages.
|
Liên kết về sau
|
Free-association
techniques
|
A technique
that records respondents’s first (top-of-mind) cognitive reactions to some
stimulus
|
Kỹ thuật liên tưởng tự do
|
Frequency
distribution
|
A set of data
organized by summarizing the number of times a particular value of a variable
occurs.
|
Mật độ phân phối tần số
|
Frequency
table
|
A table
displaying a frequency distribution
|
Bảng tần số
|
Frequency-determination question
|
A
fixed-alternative question that asks for an answer about general frequency of
occurrence
|
Câu hỏi xác định tần số
|
F-test
|
A statistical
test used to determine whether some outcome varies systematically with an
independent variable(s).
|
Kiểm định F
|
F-test
(regression)
|
A statistical
test aimed at determining whether
or not a
significant amount of variance in a dependent variable
is explained
by the independent variable(s).
|
Kiểm định hồi quy F
|
Funded
business research
|
A type of
basic research usually
performed by
academic researchers and is financially supported by some public or private
institution, as in federal government grants.
|
Nghiên cứu kinh doanh có tài trợ
|
Funnel
technique
|
The technique
of asking general questions before specific questions in order to obtain
unbiased responses.
|
Kỹ thuật hình phễu
|
General linear
model (GLM)
|
A way of
explaining and predicting a dependent variable based on fluctuations
(variation) from its mean. The fluctuations are due to changes in independent
variables.
|
Mô hình tuyến tính chung
|
Global
information system
|
An organized
collection of computer hardware, software, data, and personnel designed to
capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and immediately display information
about worldwide business activity.
|
Hệ thống thông tin toàn cầu
|
Goodness-of-fit
(GOF)
|
A general term
representing how well some computed table or matrix of values matches some
population or predetermined table or matrix of the same size.
|
Sự phù hợp (của mô hình hồi quy)
|
Grand mean
|
The mean of a
variable over all observations.
|
Trung bình tổng quát
|
Graphic aids
|
Pictures or
diagrams used to clarify complex points or emphasize a message.
|
Hỗ trợ đồ họa
|
Graphic rating
scale
|
A measure of
attitude that allows respondents to rate an object by choosing any point
along a graphic continuum
|
Quy mô đánh giá bằng đồ họa
|
Grounded
theory
|
An inductive
investigation in which the researcher poses questions about information
provided by respondents or taken from historical records; the researcher repeatedly
questions the responses to derive deeper explanations
|
Lý thuyết nền tảng
|
Hawthorne
effect
|
The
experimental phenomenon whereby people will perform differently from normal
when they know they are experimental subjects.
|
Hiệu ứng Hawthorne
|
Hidden
observation
|
Observation in
which the subject is unaware that observation is taking place
|
Quan sát kín
|
Histogram
|
A graphical
way of showing a frequency distribution in which the height of a bar
corresponds to the observed frequency of the category.
|
Biểu đồ
|
History effect
|
An effect that
occurs when some change other than the experimental treatment occurs during
the course of an experiment that affects the dependent variable
|
Tác động của quá khứ
|
Host
|
The computer
location where the content for a particular Web site physically resides and
is accessed.
|
Chủ
|
Human subjects
review committee
|
An official
group that carefully reviews proposed research design to try to make sure that
no harm can come to any research participant.
|
Ủy ban xem xét các vấn đề về con người
|
Hypothesis
|
Formal
statement of an unproven proposition that is empirically testable.
|
Giả thiết
|
Hypothesis
test of a proportion
|
Test that is
conceptually similar to the one used when the mean is the characteristic of interest
but that differs in the mathematical formulation of the
standard error
of the proportion.
|
Kiểm định giả thiết của một tỷ lệ
|
Hypothetical
constructs
|
Variables that
are not directly observable but are measurable through indirect indicators,
such as verbal expression or overt behavior.
|
Xây dựng giả thiết
|
Idealism
|
A term that
reflects the degree to which one bases one’s morality on moral standards
|
Chủ nghĩa lý tưởng/or chủ nghĩa duy tâm
|
Image profile
|
A graphic
representation of semantic differential data for competing brands, products,
or stores to highlight comparisons.
|
Hồ sơ hình ảnh
|
Importance-performance analysis
|
Another
name for quadrant
analysis.
|
Phân tích góc phần tư
|
Impute
|
To fill in a
missing data point through the use of a statistical
algorithm that
provides a best guess for the missing response
based on
available information.
|
Gán (giá trị)
|
Independent
samples t-test
|
A test for
hypotheses stating the mean scores for some interval- or ratio-scaled
variable differ based on some less-than interval classificatory variable
|
Kiểm định mẫu độc lập
|
Independent
variable
|
A variable
that is expected to influence the dependent variable in some way.
|
Biến độc lập
|
Index measure
|
An index
assigns a value based on how much of the concept being measured is associated
with an observation.Indexes often are formed by putting several variables
together
|
Phương pháp đo lường chỉ số
|
Index numbers
|
Scores or
observations recalibrated to indicate how they relate to a base number
|
Số chỉ số
|
Index of
retail saturation
|
A calculation
that describes the relationship between retail demand and supply.
|
Chỉ số bão hòa bán lẻ
|
Inductive
reasoning
|
The logical
process of establishing a general proposition on the basis of observation of
particular facts.
|
Lập luận quy nạp
|
Inferential
statistics
|
The use of
statistics to project characteristics from a sample to an entire population
|
Thống kê suy luận
|
Information
completeness
|
Having the
right amount of information.
|
Đầy đủ thông tin
|
Information
|
Data formatted
(structured) to support decision making or define the relationship between
two facts.
|
Thông tin
|
Informed
consent
|
Consent given
by an individual who understands what the researcher wants him or her to do
and who agrees to participate.
|
Sự đồng thuận
|
In-house editing
|
A rigorous
editing job performed by a centralized office staff.
|
Hiệu chỉnh nội bộ
|
In-house
interviewer
|
A fieldworker
who is employed by the company conducting the research.
|
Phỏng vấn nội bộ
|
In-house
research
|
Research
performed by employees of the company that will benefit from the research.
|
Nghiên cứu nội bộ
|
Instrumentation
effect
|
A nuisance
that occurs when a change in the wording of questions, a change in
interviewers, or a change in other procedures causes a change in the
dependent variable.
|
Hiệu ứng công cụ
|
Interaction
effect
|
Differences in
dependent variable means due to a specific combination of independent
variables
|
Hiệu ứng tương tác
|
Interactive
medium
|
A medium, such
as the Internet, that a person can use to communicate with and interact with
other users.
|
Môi trường tương tác
|
Interdependence
techniques
|
Multivariate
statistical techniques that give meaning to a set of variables or seek to
group things together; no distinction is made between dependent and independent
variables.
|
Kỹ thuật phụ thuộc lẫn
nhau
|
Internal and
proprietary data
|
Secondary data
that originate
inside the
organization.
|
Dữ liệu nội bộ và độc quyền
|
Internal
consistency
|
A measure’s
homogeneity or the extent to which each indicator of a concept converges on
some common meaning.
|
Thống nhất nội bộ
|
Internal validity
|
A state that
exists to the extent that an experimental variable is truly responsible for
any variance in the dependent variable.
|
Giá trị bên trong
|
Internet
|
A worldwide
network of computers that allows users access to information from distant
sources.
|
Mạng Internet
|
Internet
survey
|
A
self-administered questionnaire posted on a
Web site
|
Khảo sát qua mạng
|
Interpretation
|
The process of
drawing inferences from the analysis results.
|
Sự giải thích
|
Interquartile range
|
A measure of
variability.
|
Khoảng tứ phân vị
|
Interrogative
techniques
|
Asking
multiple what, where, who, when, why, and how questions.
|
Kỹ thuật nghi vấn
|
Interval
scales
|
Scales that
have both nominal and ordinal properties, but that also capture information
about differences in quantities of a concept from one observation to the
next.
|
Kích cỡ khoảng
|
Interviewer bias
|
A response
bias that occurs because the presence of the interviewer influences
respondents’ answers.
|
Sai lệch phỏng vấn
|
Interviewer
error
|
Mistakes made
by interviewers failing to record survey
responses correctly.
|
Lỗi phỏng vấn
|
Intranet
|
A company’s
private data network that uses Internet
standards and
technology
|
Mạng nội bộ
|
Introduction
section
|
The part of
the body of a research report that discusses background information and the
specific objectives of the research.
|
Phần giới thiệu
|
Inverse
(negative) relationship
|
Covariation in
which the association between variables is in the opposite direction. As one
goes up, the other goes down.
|
Mối quan hệ nghịch đảo (tiêu cực)
|
Judgment (purposive) sampling
|
A
nonprobability sampling technique in which an experienced individual selects
the sample based on personal judgment about some appropriate characteristic
of the sample member.
|
Dự đoán mang tính phán đoán
|
Keyword search
|
A type of
computerized search that takes placeas the search engine searches through
millions of web pages for documents containing the keywords
|
Tìm từ khóa
|
Knowledge management
|
The process of
creating an inclusive,
Comprehensive,
easily accessible organizational memory, often
Called the
organization’s intellectual capital.
|
Quản trị tri thức
|
Knowledge
|
A blend of
previous experience, insight, and data that forms (organizational) memory
|
Kiến thức
|
Laboratory experiment
|
A type of
research in which the researcherhas more complete control over the research
setting and extraneous variables.
|
Thử nghiệm trong phòng thí nghiệm
|
Latent construct
|
A concept that
is not directly observable or measurable, but can be estimated through proxy
measures.
|
Cấu trúc tiềm tàng
|
Leading question
|
A question
that suggests or implies certain answers.
|
Câu hỏi dẫn dắt
|
Likert scale
|
A measure of
attitudes designed to allow respondents to rate how strongly they agree or
disagree with carefully constructed statements, ranging from very positive to
very negative attitudes toward some object.
|
Tiêu chuẩn likert
|
Literature review
|
A directed
search of published works, including periodicals and books that discusses
theory and presents empirical results that are relevant to the topic at hand.
|
Tổng quan tài liệu
|
Loaded question
|
A question
that suggests a socially desirable answer
Or that is
emotionally charged
|
Câu hỏi xây dựng
|
Longitudinal study
|
A survey of
respondents at different times,thus allowing analysis of response continuity
and changes over
Time.
|
Nghiên cứu theo chiều dọc
|
Mail survey
|
A
self-administered questionnaire sent to respondents through the mail.
|
Khảo sát qua thư từ
|
Main effect
|
The
experimental difference in dependent variable means between the different
levels of any single experimental variable.
|
Tác động chính
|
Mall intercept interviews
|
Personal interviews
conducted in a shopping mall.
|
Phỏng vấn chặn
|
Manager of decision support systems
|
Employee who
supervises the collection and analysis of sales, inventory, and other
periodic customer relationship management (crm) data.
|
Quản lý các hệ thống hỗ trợ quyết định
|
Managerial action standard
|
A specific
performance criterion upon which a decision can be based.
|
Tiêu chuẩn hoạt động quản lý
|
Manipulation
|
Means that the
researcher alters the level of the variable in specific increments.
|
Vận dụng
|
Manipulation check
|
A validity
test of an experimental manipulation to make sure that the manipulation does
produce differences in the independent variable.
|
Kiểm tra thao tác
|
Marginal
|
Row and column
totals in a contingency table, which
Are shown in
its margins
|
Cận biên
|
Market
tracking
|
The
observation and analysis of trends in industry volume and brand share over
time.
|
Theo dõi thị trường
|
Market-basket analysis
|
A form of data
mining that analyzes
Anonymous
point-of-sale transaction databases to identify coinciding
Purchases or
relationships between products purchased
And other
retail shopping information.
|
Phân tích giỏ thị trường
|
Marketing-oriented
|
A term
describing a firm in which all decisions are made with a conscious awareness
of their effect on the customer.
|
Định hướng tiếp thị
|
Maturation
effects
|
Effects that
are a function of time and the naturally occurring events that coincide with
growth and experience.
|
Tác động đúng thời điểm
|
Mean
|
A measure of
central tendency; the arithmetic average.
|
Giá trị trung bình.
Là giá trị trung bình số học của một biến, được
tính bằng tổng các giá trị quan sát chia cho số quan sát. Đây là dạng công cụ
thường được dùng cho dạng đo khoảng cách và tỷ lệ. Giá trị trung bình có đặc
điểm là chịu sự tác động của các giá trị ở mỗi quan sát, do đó đây là thang
đo nhạy cảm nhất đối với sự thay đổi của các giá trị quan sát
|
Measure of
association
|
A general term
that refers to a number of bivariate statistical techniques used to measure
the strength of a relationship between two variables.
|
Đo lường sự kết hợp
|
Measurement
|
The process of
describing some property of a phenomenon of interest, usually by assigning
numbers in a reliable and valid way
|
Hệ thống đo lường
|
Median
|
A measure of
central tendency that is the midpoint; the value below which half the values
in a distribution fall.
|
Trung vị.
Là số nằm giữa (nếu lượng quan sát là số lẽ) hoặc
là giá trị trung bình của hai quan sát nằm giữa (nếu số lượng quan sát là số
chẳn) của một dãy quan sát được xắp xếp theo thứ tự từ nhỏ đến lớn. Đây là
dạng công cụ thống kê thường được dùng để đo lường mức độ tập trung của dạng
dữ liệu thang đo thứ tự, nó có đặc điểm là không bị ảnh hưởng của các giá trị
đầu mút của dãy phân phối, do đó rất thích hợp để phân tích đối với dữ liệu
có sự chênh lệch lớn về giá trị ở hay đầu mút của dãy phân phối.
|
Median split
|
Dividing a
data set into two categories by placing respondents below the median in one
category and respondents above the median in another
|
Chia trung bình
|
Mixed-mode
survey
|
A study that
employs any combination of survey methods.
|
Khảo sát phương thức hỗn hợp
|
Mode
|
A measure of
central tendency; the value that occurs most often
|
Là số nằm giữa (nếu lượng quan sát là số lẽ) hoặc
là giá trị trung bình của hai quan sát nằm giữa (nếu số lượng quan sát là số
chẳn) của một dãy quan sát được xắp xếp theo thứ tự từ nhỏ đến lớn. Đây là
dạng công cụ thống kê thường được dùng để đo lường mức độ tập trung của dạng
dữ liệu thang đo thứ tự, nó có đặc điểm là không bị ảnh hưởng của các giá trị
đầu mút của dãy phân phối, do đó rất thích hợp để phân tích đối với dữ liệu
có sự chênh lệch lớn về giá trị ở hay đầu mút của dãy phân phối.
|
Model building
|
The use of
secondary data to help specify relationships between two or more variables;
it can involve the development of descriptive or predictive equations.
|
Xây dựng mô hình
|
Moderator
variable
|
A third
variable that changes the nature of a relationship between the original
independent and dependent
Variables.
|
Biến điều tiết
|
Moderator
|
A person who
leads a focus group interview and ensures that everyone gets a chance to
speak and contribute to the discussion.
|
Người điều tiết, người trung gian đứng ra dàn xếp,
hòa giải.
|
Monadic rating
scale
|
Any measure of
attitudes that asks respondents about a single concept in isolation.
|
Thang đánh giá monadic
|
Moral
standards
|
Principles
that reflect beliefs about what is ethical and what is unethical
|
Tiêu chuẩn đạo đức
|
Multicollinearity
|
The extent to
which independent variables in a multiple regression analysis are correlated
with each other; high multicollinearity can make interpreting parameter
estimates difficult or impossible.
|
Đa cộng tuyến
|
An analysis of
association in which the effects of two or more independent variables on a
single, interval-scaled dependent variable are investigated simultaneously.
|
Phân tích hồi qui đa biến
|
|
Multiple-grid
question
|
Several
similar questions arranged in a grid format.
|
Một số câu hỏi tương tự sắp xếp theo định dạng
lưới
|
Multistage
area sampling
|
A type of
sampling that involves using a combination of two or more probability
sampling techniques.
|
Chọn mẫu nhiều giai đoạn
|
Multivariate
analysis of variance (manova)
|
A multivariate
technique that predicts multiple continuous dependent variables with one or
more categorical independent variables.
|
Phân tích phương sai nhiều chiều
|
Multivariate
statistical analysis
|
Statistical
analysis involving three or more variables or sets of variables.
|
Phân tích thống kê đa biến
|
Mutually
exclusive
|
A grouping in
which no overlap exists among the fixed-alternative categories
|
Sự tương phản
|
Neural
networks
|
A form of
artificial intelligence in which a computer is programmed to mimic the way
that human brains process information.
|
Mạng nơron
|
Nominal scales
|
Ranking scales
that represent the most elementary level of measurement in which values are
assigned to an object for identification or classification purposes only
|
Thang đo danh nghĩa
|
Nonparametric
statistics
|
A type of
statistics appropriate when the variables being analyzed do not conform to
any known or continuous distribution.
|
Phương pháp thống kê phi tham số
|
Nonprobability
sampling
|
A sampling
technique in which units of the sample are selected on the basis of personal
judgment or convenience; the probability of any particular member of the
population being chosen is unknown.
|
Phương pháp chọn mẫu phi ngẫu nhiên
|
Nonrespondents
|
People who are not contacted or who refuse to
cooperate in the research.
|
Những người không liên lạc hoặc từ chối hợp tác
trong việc nghiên cứu.
|
Normal
distribution
|
A symmetrical,
bell-shaped distribution that describes the expected probability distribution
of many chance
Occurrences
|
Phân phối chuẩn hóa
|
Nuisance
variables
|
Items that may
affect the dependent measure but are not of primary interest.
|
Biến trở ngại
|
Numerical
scale
|
An attitude
rating scale similar to a semantic differential except that it uses numbers
instead of verbal descriptions as response options to identify response
positions.
|
Thang số
|
Observation
|
The systematic
process of recording the behavioral patterns of people, objects, and
occurrences as they are witnessed.
|
Một quá trình
ghi nhận lại một cách có hệ thống những hành vi ứng xử của con người, những
sự việc, sự kiện xảy ra khi họ được theo dõi.
|
Observer bias
|
A distortion
of measurement resulting from the cognitive behavior or actions of a
witnessing observer
|
Độ lệch của
đánh giá gây ra bởi những hành vi dựa trên kinh nghiệm của người quan sát.
|
Online focus
group
|
A qualitative
research effort in which a group of individuals provides unstructured
comments by entering their remarks into an electronic internet display board
of some type.
|
Phỏng vấn nhóm
trực tuyến
|
Open-ended boxes
|
In an internet
questionnaire, boxes where respondents can type in their own answers to
open-ended questions.
|
Trong bảng câu
hỏi trên mạng, nơi mà người trả lời có thể đánh máy câu trả lời của họ dành
cho những câu hỏi mở.
|
Open-ended
response questions
|
Questions that
pose some problem and ask respondents to answer in their own words.
|
Những câu hỏi
nêu lên một vấn đề mở nào đó nhằm yêu cầu người trả lời nêu lên hướng giải
quyết riêng của mình.
|
Operationalization
|
The process of
identifying scales that correspond to variance in a concept to be involved in
a research process.
|
Quá trình xác
định quy mô tương ứng với phương sai trong một trường hợp có lien quan đến
quá trình nghiên cứu.
|
Operationalizing
|
The process of
identifying the actual measurement scales to assess the variables of
interest.
|
Quá trình xác
định quy mô đo lường chính xác nhằm đánh giá biến số sở thích.
|
Opt in
|
To give
permission to receive selected e-mail, such as questionnaires,
From a company
with an internet presence
|
Cho phép nhận
email đã được chọn như là bảng câu hỏi từ công ty có nối mạng internet.
|
Optical
scanning system
|
A data
processing input device that
Reads material
directly from mark-sensed questionnaires
|
Một thiết bị
nhập dữ liệu đọc dữ liệu trực tiếp từ bảng câu hỏi nhận dạng.
|
Oral
presentation
|
A spoken
summary of the major findings, conclusions, and recommendations, given to
clients or line managers to provide them with the opportunity to clarify any
ambiguous issues by asking questions.
|
Một bài thuyết
trình ngắn gọn về những kết luận và đề nghị chính dành cho khách hang hoặc
nhà quản lí nhằm cung cấp cho họ những gợi ý để sắp xếp những vấn đề mơ hồ
bằng cách đặt câu hỏi.
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Order bias
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Bias caused by
the influence of earlier questions in a questionnaire or by an answer’s
position in a set of answers.
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Định kiến gây
ra bởi sự ảnh hưởng của những câu hỏi trước đó trong bảng câu hỏi hoặc bởi vị
trí của một câu trả lời trong toàn bộ các câu trả lời.
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Ordinal scales
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Ranking scales
allowing items to be arranged based on how much of some quality they possess
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Quy mô cho
phép phần tử được sắp xếp dựa trên mức độ đặt trưng mà phần tử đó mang.
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Outlier
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A value that
lies outside the normal range of the data.
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Một giá trị
nằm ngoài cơ sở dữ liệu.
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Outside agency
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An independent
research firm contracted by the company that actually will benefit from the
research.
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Một công ty
nghiên cứu độc lập thực hiện nghiên cứu cho công ty khác.
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Paired
comparison
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A measurement
technique that involves
Presenting the
respondent with two objects and asking therespondent to pick the preferred
object; more than two objectsmay be presented, but comparisons are made in
pairs.
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So sánh cặp
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Paired-samples
t-test
|
An appropriate
test for comparing the scores of two interval variables drawn from related
populations.
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Kiềm tra theo mẫu cặp
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Parametric
statistics
|
Statistics
that involve numbers with known, continuous distributions; when the data are
interval or ratio scaled and the sample size is large, parametric statistical
procedures are appropriate.
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Thống kê tham số
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Partial
correlation
|
The
correlation between two variables after taking into account the fact that
they are correlated with other variables too.
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Tương quan riêng
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Participant-observation
|
An
ethnographic research approach where the researcher becomes immersed within
the culture that he or she is studying and draws data from his or her
observations.
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Quan sát tham dự
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Percentage
distribution
|
A frequency
distribution organized into a table (or graph) that summarizes percentage
values associated with particular values of a variable.
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Sự tính từng khoản theo tỷ lệ phân2 trăm
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Performance-monitoring
research
|
Research that
regularly, sometimes routinely, provides feedback for evaluation and control
of business activity.
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Nghiên cứu thực hiện giám sát
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Personal
interview
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Face-to-face
communication in which an interviewer asks a respondent to answer questions.
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Phỏng vấn cá nhân
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Phenomenology
|
A philosophical
approach to studying human experiences based on the idea that human
experience itself is inherently subjective and determined by the context in
which people live.
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Hiện tượng học
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Piggyback
|
A procedure in
which one respondent stimulates thought among the others; as this process
continues, increasingly
Creative
insights are possible.
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Lắp ngược
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Pilot study
|
A small-scale
research project that collects data from
Respondents
similar to those to be used in the full study.
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Nghiên cứu mở đầu/ sơ bộ
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Pivot question
.
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A filter
question used to determine which version of a second question will be asked
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Câu hỏi then chốt
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Placebo
|
An
experimental tool used to create the perception that some substance or
procedure has been administered.
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Giả dược
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Placebo effect
|
The effect in
a dependent variable associated withthe psychological impact that goes along
with knowledge of some treatment being administered.
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Hiệu ứng giả dược
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Plug value
|
An answer that
an editor “plugs in” to replace blanks or missing values so as to permit data
analysis; the choice of
Value is based
on a predetermined decision rule.
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Giá trị cắm
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Point estimate
|
An estimate of
the population mean in the form of a single value, usually the sample mean.
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Ước lượng điểm
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Pooled
estimate of the standard error
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An estimate of
the standard
Error for a t-test
of independent means that assumes the variances of both groups are equal.
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Ước tính gộp sai số chuẩn
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Population
(universe)
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Any complete
group of entities that share some common set of characteristics.
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Dân số
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Population
distribution
|
A frequency
distribution of the elements
Of a
population.
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Phân bố dân cư
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Population
element
|
An individual
member of a population.
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Yếu tố dân số
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Population
parameters
|
Variables in a
population or measured
Characteristics
of the population.
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Thông số dân số
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Pop-up boxes
|
In an internet
questionnaire, boxes that appear at selected points and contain information
or instructions for
Respondents.
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Hộp trình đơn bật lên
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Preliminary
tabulation
|
A tabulation
of the results of a pretest
To help
determine whether the questionnaire will meet the objectives of the research.
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Bảng kết quả sơ bộ
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Pretest
|
A small-scale
study in which the results are only preliminary and intended only to assist
in design of a subsequent study.
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Kiểm tra trước
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Pretesting
|
A screening
procedure that involves a trial run with a
Group of
respondents to iron out fundamental problems in the
Survey design.
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Kiểm tra trước
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Primary
sampling unit (PSU)
|
A term used to
designate a unit
Selected in
the first stage of sampling.
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Đơn vị lấy mẫu lần đầu
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Probability
|
The long-run
relative frequency with which an event
Will occur.
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Xác suất
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Probability
sampling
|
A sampling
technique in which every
Member of the
population has a known, nonzero probability of
Selection.
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Lấy mẫu ngẫu nhiên
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Probing
|
An interview
technique that tries to draw deeper and more elaborate explanations from the
discussion.
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Thăm dò
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Problem
|
A situation
that occurs when there is a difference between the current conditions and a
more preferable set of conditions.
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Vấn đề
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Problem
definition
|
The process of
defining and developing adecision statement and the steps involved in
translating it into
More precise
research terminology, including a set of research
Objectives.
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Định nghĩa bài toán
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Product-oriented
|
A term used to
describe a firm that prioritizesdecision making in a way that emphasizes
technical superiority
In the
product.
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Định hướng sản phẩm
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Production-oriented
|
A term used to
describe a firm that prioritizesefficiency and effectiveness of the
production processes in making
Decisions.
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Định hướng sản xuất
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Projective
technique
|
An indirect
means of questioning enablingrespondents to project beliefs and feelings onto
a third party, an
Inanimate
object, or a task situation.
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Kỹ thuật chiếu xạ
|
Proportion
|
The percentage
of elements that meet some criterion.
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Tỷ lệ
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Proportional
stratified
|
Sample a stratified
sample in which
The number of
sampling units drawn from each stratum is inproportion to the population size
of that stratum.
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Tỷ lệ phân tầng
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Propositions
|
Statements
explaining the logical linkage amongcertain concepts by asserting a universal
connection between
Concepts.
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Mệnh đề
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Proprietary
business research
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The gathering
of new data to
Investigate
specific problems.
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Nghiên cứu
kinh doanh độc quyền
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Pseudo-research
|
A study
conducted not to gather information formarketing decisions but to bolster a
point of view and satisfy
Other needs.
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Giả nghiên cứu
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Psychogalvanometer
|
A device that
measures galvanic skin
Response, a
measure of involuntary changes in the electrical resistance of the skin.
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Dụng cụ đo
phản ứng thần kinh khi tác động điện
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Pull
technology
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A procedure by
which consumers request information from a web page and the browser then
determines a
Response; the
consumer is essentially asking for the data.
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Công nghệ kéo
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Pupilometer
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A mechanical
device used to observe and record changes in the diameter of a subject’s
pupils.
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Dụng cụ đo đồng tử
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Push button
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In a dialog
box on an internet questionnaire, a smalloutlined area, such as a rectangle
or an arrow, that the respondentclicks on to select an option or perform a
function, such as submit.
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Nút bấm
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Push poll
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Telemarketing
under guise of research.
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Hình thức thăm dò ý kiến
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Push
technology
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A program that
sends data to a user’s computer without a request being made; software is
used to guess what
Information
might be interesting to consumers based on the pattern of previous responses.
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Công nghệ đẩy
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P-value
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Probability
value, or the observed or computed significancelevel; p-values are compared
to significance levels to test hypotheses.
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Giá trị p
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Quadrant
analysis
|
An extension
of cross-tabulation in which responses to two rating-scale questions are
plotted in four
Quadrants of a
two-dimensional table.
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Phân tích góc phần tư
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Qualitative
business research
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Research that
addresses business
Objectives
through techniques that allow the researcher to provide
Elaborate
interpretations of phenomena without depending on numerical measurement; its
focus is on discovering true inner meanings and new insights.
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Nghiên cứu kinh doanh chất lượng
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Qualitative
data
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Data that are
not characterized by numbers, and
Instead are
textual, visual, or oral; the focus is on stories, visual
Portrayals,
meaningful characterizations, interpretations, and
Other
expressive descriptions.
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Dữ liệu định tính
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Quantitative
business research
|
Business
research that addresses
Research
objectives through empirical assessments that involve
Numerical
measurement and analysis.
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Nghiên cứu kinh doanh định lượng
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Quantitative
data
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Data that
represent phenomena by assigning
Numbers in an
ordered and meaningful way.
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Dữ liệu định lượng
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Quasi-experimental
designs
|
Experimental
designs that do
Not involve
random allocation of subjects to treatment
Combinations.
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Thiết kế bán ngẫu
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Quota sampling
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A
nonprobability sampling procedure that ensures that various subgroups of a
population will be represented on
Pertinent
characteristics to the exact extent that the investigator desires.
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Lấy mẫu theo nhóm
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Radio button
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In an internet
questionnaire, a circular icon resembling
A button that
activates one response choice and deactivates
Others when a
respondent clicks on it.
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Nút radio
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Random digit
dialing
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The use of
telephone exchanges and a
Table of
random numbers to contact respondents with unlisted
Phone numbers.
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Quay số ngẫu nhiên
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Random
sampling error
|
A statistical
fluctuation that occurs
Because of
chance variation in the elements selected for a
Sample.
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Lỗi lấy mẫu ngẫu nhiên
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Randomization
|
The random
assignment of subject and treatments to groups; it is one device for equally
distributing the effects of
Extraneous
variables to all conditions.
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Ngẫu nhiên hóa
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Randomized-block
design
|
A design that
attempts to isolate the
Effects of a
single extraneous variable by blocking out its effectso n the dependent
variable.
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Thiết kế khối ngẫu nhiên
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Ranking
|
A measurement
task that requires respondents to rank order a small number of stores,
brands, or objects on the basis of overall preference or some characteristic
of the stimulus.
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Xếp hạng
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Rating
|
A measurement
task that requires respondents to estimate the magnitude of a characteristic
or quality that a brand, store, or object possesses.
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Đánh giá
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Ratio scales
|
Ranking scales
that represent the highest form of measurement
In that they
have all the properties of interval scales with the additional attribute of
representing absolute quantities; characterized by a meaningful absolute
zero.
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Quy mô tỷ lệ
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Raw data
|
The unedited
responses from a respondent exactly as
Indicated by
that respondent.
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Dữ liệu thô
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Record
|
A collection
of related fields that represents the responses from one sampling unit.
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Ghi âm, ghi chép
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Refusals
|
People who are
unwilling to participate in a research project.
|
Từ chối
|
Relativism
|
The rejection
of moral standards in favor of the acceptability of some action. This way of
thinking rejects absolute principles in favor of situation-based evaluations.
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Yếu tố tương đối
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Relevance
|
The
characteristics of data reflecting how pertinent these particular facts are
to the situation at hand.
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Sự xác đáng
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Reverse coding
|
Coding in
which the value assigned for a response is treated oppositely from the other
items.
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Mã hóa đảo ngược
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Reverse
directory
|
A directory
similar to a telephone directory except that listings are by city and street
address or by phone number rather than alphabetical by last name.
|
Thư mục đảo ngược
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Reverse
recoding
|
A method of
making sure all the items forming a composite scale are scored in the same
direction. Negative items can be recoded into the equivalent responses for a
nonreverse coded item.
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Mã hóa đảo ngược
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Rule of
parsimony
|
The rule of
parsimony suggests an explanation involving fewer components is better than
one involving more.
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Quy định của sự cẩn thận
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Sample
|
A subset, or
some part, of a larger population.
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Mẫu
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Sample bias
|
A persistent
tendency for the results of a sample to deviate in one direction from the
true value of the population
Parameter.
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Mẫu thiên lệch
|
Sample
distribution
|
A frequency
distribution of a sample.
|
Phân phối chọn mẫu
|
Sample
selection error
|
An
administrative error caused by
Improper
sample design or sampling procedure execution.
|
Lỗi chọn mẫu
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Sample
statistics
|
Variables in a
sample or measures computed from sample data.
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Thống kê mẫu
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Sample survey
|
A more formal
term for a survey.
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Sự điều tra chọn mẫu/ qua mẫu
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Sampling
|
Any procedure
that draws conclusions based on measurements
Of a portion
of the population.
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Chuẩn bị mẫu
|
Sampling
distribution
|
A theoretical
probability distribution of
Sample means
for all possible samples of a certain size drawn
From a
particular population.
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Phân phối mẫu
|
Sampling frame
|
A list of
elements from which a sample may be drawn, also called working population.
|
Cốt để định mẫu
|
Sampling frame
error
|
An error that
occurs when certain sample elements are not listed or are not accurately
represented in a
Sampling
frame.
|
Lỗi khung lấy mẫu
|
Sampling unit
|
A single
element or group of elements subject to selection in the sample.
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Đơn vị lấy mẫu
|
Scales
|
A device
providing a range of values that correspond to different values in a concept
being measured.
|
Cân
|
Scanner data
|
The
accumulated records resulting from point of sale
Data
recordings.
|
Dữ liệu máy quét
|
Scanner-based
consumer panel
|
A type of
consumer panel in
Which
participants’ purchasing habits are recorded with a laser scanner rather than
with a purchase diary.
|
Máy quét dựa trên bảng điều khiển của người tiêu
dùng
|
Scientific
method
|
A set of
prescribed procedures for establishing and connecting theoretical statements
about events, for analyzing
Empirical
evidence, and for predicting events yet unknown; techniques or procedures
used to analyze empirical evidence in an attempt to confirm or disprove prior
conceptions.
|
Phương pháp khoa học
|
Search engine
|
A computerized
directory that allows anyone to search the world wide web for information
using a keyword search.
|
Công cụ tìm kiếm
|
Secondary data
|
Data that have
been previously collected for some purpose other than the one at hand.
|
Dữ liệu thứ cấp
|
Secondary
sampling unit
|
A unit
selected in the second stage of
Sampling.
|
Đơn vị lấy mẫu thứ cấp
|
Selection
effect
|
Sample bias
from differential selection of respondents for experimental groups.
|
Hiệu quả chọn lọc
|
Self-administered
questionnaires
|
Surveys in
which the respondent
Takes the
responsibility for reading and answering the questions.
|
Câu hỏi tự quản
|
Self-selection
bias
|
A bias that
occurs because people who feel strongly about a subject are more likely to
respond to survey questions than people who feel indifferent about it.
|
Thiên hướng tự bình chọn
|
Semantic
differential
|
A measure of
attitudes that consists of a series of seven-point rating scales that use
bipolar adjectives to
Anchor the
beginning and end of each scale.
|
Khác biệt ngữ nghĩa
|
Sensitivity
|
A measurement
instrument’s ability to accurately measure variability in stimuli or
responses.
|
Độ cảm ứng
|
Significance
level
|
A critical
probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test that indicates how
likely an inference supporting
A difference
between an observed value and some statistical expectation is true; the
acceptable level of type i error.
|
Mức có nghĩa
|
Simple
(bivariate) linear regression
|
A measure of
linear association
That
investigates straight-line relationships between a continuous
Dependent
variable and an independent variable that is usually continuous but can be a
categorical dummy variable.
|
Hồi quy tuyến tính
|
Simple random
sampling
|
A sampling
procedure that assures each element in the population of an equal chance of
being included
In the sample.
|
Lấy mẫu ngẫu nhiên
|
Simple-dichotomy
(dichotomous) question
|
A
fixed-alternative question that
requires the respondent to choose one of two alternatives.
|
Câu hỏi lưỡng phân
|
Single-source
data
|
Diverse types
of data offered by a single company, usually integrated on the basis of a
common variable such
As geographic area or store.
|
Dữ liệu nguồn duy nhất
|
Site analysis
techniques
|
Techniques
that use secondary data to
Select the
best location for retail or wholesale operations.
|
Kỹ thuật phân tích trên hiện trường
|
Situation
analysis
|
The gathering
of background information to familiarize researchers and managers with the
decision-making environment.
|
Phân tích tình huống
|
Smart agent
software
|
Software
capable of learning an internet user’s preferences and automatically
searching out information
In selected
web sites and then distributing it.
|
Phần mếm thông minh
|
Snowball
sampling
|
A sampling
procedure in which initial respondents are selected by probability methods
and additional respondents
Are obtained
from information provided by the initial respondents.
|
Lấy mẫu mở rộng dần
|
Social
desirability bias
|
bias in responses caused by
respondents’ desire, either conscious or unconscious, to gain prestige or
Appear in a
different social role.
|
Thiên hướng hỏi lấy lòng
|
Sorting
|
A measurement
task that presents a respondent with several objects or product concepts and
requires the respondent to arrange the objects into piles or classify the
product concepts.
|
Sự tuyển chọn
|
Split-ballot
technique
|
The practice
of using two alternative phrasings of the same question for respective halves
of a sample to
Elicit a more
accurate total response than would a single phrasing.
|
Kỹ thuật chia lá phiếu
|
Split-half method
|
A method for
assessing internal consistency by checking the results of one-half of a set
of scaled items against the results from the other half.
|
Phương pháp phân chia một nửa
|
Spyware
|
Software
placed on a computer without consent or knowledge of the user.
|
Phầm mềm gián điệp
|
Standard
deviation
|
A quantitative
index of a distribution’s spread, or variability; the square root of the
variance for a distribution.
|
Độ lệch chuẩn
|
Standard error
of the mean
|
The standard
deviation of the sampling
Distribution.
|
Sai số chuẩn của giá trị trung bình
|
Standardized
normal distribution
|
a purely theoretical probability
Distribution
that reflects a specific normal curve for the
Standardized
value, z.
|
Phân phối chuẩn
|
Standardized
regression coefficient (_)
|
The estimated
coefficient
Indicating the
strength of relationship between an independent variable and dependent
variable expressed on a
Standardized
scale where higher absolute values indicate stronger
Relationships
(range is from –1 to 1).
|
Hệ số hồi quy chuẩn
|
Standardized
research service
|
Companies that
develop a unique
Methodology
for investigating a business specialty area.
|
Dịch vụ nghiên cứu tiêu chuẩn hóa
|
Stratified
sampling
|
A probability
sampling procedure in which simple random subsamples that are more or less
equal on some characteristic are drawn from within each stratum of the
population.
|
Lấy mẫu phân tầng
|
String
characters
|
Computer
terminology to represent formatting a variable using a series of alphabetic
characters (nonnumeric
Characters)
that may form a word.
|
Chuỗi ký tự
|
Structured
question
|
A question
that imposes a limit on the number of allowable responses.
|
Câu hỏi có cấu trúc
|
Subjective
|
A term meaning
research results are researcher-dependent,meaning different researchers may
reach different conclusions based
On the same
interview.
|
Chủ quan
|
Subjects
|
The sampling
units for an experiment, usually human respondents who provide measures based
on the experimental manipulation.
|
Khách quan
|
Summated scale
|
A scale
created by simply summing (adding together) the response to each item making
up the composite
Measure.
|
Thang cộng
|
Survey
|
A research
technique in which a sample is interviewed in some form or the behavior of
respondents is observed and
Described in
some way.
|
Cuộc khảo sát
|
Symptoms
|
Observable
cues that serve as a signal of a problem because they are caused by that
problem.
|
Triệu chứng
|
Syndicated
service
|
A research
supplier that provides standardized information for many clients in return
for a fee.
|
Dịch vụ cung cấp thông tin
|
Systematic
error
|
Error
resulting from some imperfect aspect of the research design that causes
respondent error or from a
Mistake in the
execution of the research.
|
Lỗi hệ thống
|
Systematic or
nonsampling error
|
A type of
error that occurs if the sampling units in an experimental cell are somehow
different than the units in another cell, and this difference affects the
dependent variable.
|
Lỗi hệ thống hoặc không lấy mẫu
|
Systematic
sampling
|
A sampling
procedure in which a starting point is selected by a random process and then
every nth number
On the list is
selected.
|
Lấy mẫu hệ thống
|
Sample
|
A subset, or
some part, of a larger population.
|
Mọi
tập các quan sát hay các số liệu đo được đối với một biến cụ thể nào đó, mà
không gồm tất cả các quan sát có thể có.
|
Sample bias
|
A persistent
tendency for the results of a sample to deviate in one direction from the
true value of the population parameter.
|
Thiên
vị mẫu
|
Sample distribution
|
A frequency
distribution of a sample.
|
Một
phân bố tần số của một mẫu.
|
Sample
selection error
|
An
administrative error caused by improper sample design or sampling procedure
execution.
|
Lỗi
chọn mẫu.
|
Sample
statistics
|
Variables in a
sample or measures computed from sample data.
|
Thống
kê mẫu
|
Sample survey
|
A more formal
term for a survey.
|
Điều
tra mẫu
|
Sampling
|
Any procedure
that draws conclusions based on measurements of a portion of the population.
|
Lấy
mẫu
|
Sampling
distribution
|
A theoretical
probability distribution of sample means for all possible samples of a
certain size drawn from a particular population.
|
Phân
phối lấy mẫu
|
Sampling frame
|
A list of
elements from which a sample may be drawn, also called working population.
|
Khung
lấy mẫu
|
Sampling frame
error
|
An error that
occurs when certain sample elements are not listed or are not accurately represented
in a sampling frame.
|
Lỗi
khung lấy mẫu
|
Sampling unit
|
A single
element or group of elements subject to selection in the sample.
|
Đơn
vị lấy mẫu
|
Scales
|
A device
providing a range of values that correspond to different values in a concept being
measured.
|
Quy
mô
|
Scanner data
|
The
accumulated records resulting from point of sale data recordings.
|
Dữ
liệu máy quét
|
Scanner-based
consumer panel
|
A type of
consumer panel in
which
participants’ purchasing habits are recorded with a laser
scanner rather
than with a purchase diary.
|
Máy
quét dựa trên bảng điều khiển của người tiêu dùng
|
Scientific
method
|
A set of
prescribed procedures for establishing and connecting theoretical statements
about events, for analyzing empirical evidence, and for predicting events yet
unknown; techniques or procedures used to analyze empirical evidence in an
attempt to confirm or disprove prior conceptions.
|
Phương
pháp khoa học
|
Search engine
|
A computerized
directory that allows anyone to search the World Wide Web for information
using a keyword search.
|
Công
cụ tìm kiếm
|
Secondary data
|
Data that have
been previously collected for some purpose other than the one at hand.
|
Dữ
liệu thứ cấp
|
Secondary
sampling unit
|
A unit
selected in the second stage of sampling.
|
Đơn
vị lấy mẫu thứ cấp
|
Selection
effect
|
Sample bias
from differential selection of respondents for experimental groups.
|
Hiệu
quả chọn lọc
|
Self-administered
questionnaires
|
Surveys in
which the respondent
takes the responsibility
for reading and answering the questions.
|
Các
cuộc điều tra trong đó người trả lời có trách nhiệm cho việc đọc và trả lời
các câu hỏi.
|
Self-selection
bias
|
A bias that
occurs because people who feel strongly about a subject are more likely to respond
to survey questions than people who feel indifferent about it.
|
Thiên
vị tự lựa chọn
|
Semantic
differential
|
A measure of
attitudes that consists of a series of seven-point rating scales that use
bipolar adjectives to anchor the beginning and end of each scale.
|
Khác
biệt ngữ nghĩa
|
Sensitivity
|
A measurement
instrument’s ability to accurately measure variability in stimuli or responses.
|
Nhạy
cảm
|
Significance
level
|
A critical
probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test that indicates how
likely an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and
some statistical expectation is true; the acceptable level of Type I error.
|
Mức
ý nghĩa
|
Simple
(bivariate) linear regression
|
A measure of
linear association
that
investigates straight-line relationships between a continuous dependent
variable and an independent variable that is usually continuous but can be a
categorical dummy variable.
|
Đơn
giản hồi quy tuyến tính (hai chiều)
|
Simple random
sampling
|
A sampling
procedure that assures each element in the population of an equal chance of
being included in the sample.
|
Đơn
giản lấy mẫu ngẫu nhiên
|
Simple-dichotomy
(dichotomous) question
|
A
fixed-alternative question that requires the respondent to choose one of two alternatives.
|
Đơn
giản-sự phân đôi (phân đôi) câu hỏi
|
Single-source
data
|
Diverse types
of data offered by a single company, usually integrated on the basis of a common
variable such as geographic area or store.
|
Dữ
liệu nguồn duy nhất
|
Site analysis
techniques
|
Techniques
that use secondary data to select the best location for retail or wholesale
operations.
|
Kỹ
thuật phân tích trang web
|
Situation
analysis
|
The gathering
of background information to familiarize researchers and managers with the
decision-making environment.
|
Phân
tích tình hình
|
Smart agent
software
|
Software
capable of learning an Internet user’s preferences and automatically
searching out information in selected Web sites and then distributing it.
|
Phần
mềm đại lý thông minh
|
Snowball
sampling
|
A sampling
procedure in which initial respondents are selected by probability methods
and additional respondents are obtained from information provided by the
initial respondents.
|
Lấy
mẫu quả cầu tuyết
Một
thủ tục lấy mẫu mà người trả lời ban đầu được lựa chọn theo phương pháp xác
suất và phỏng vấn thêm thu được từ các thông tin được cung cấp bởi ban đầu
người trả lời.
|
Social
desirability bias
|
Bias in
responses caused by respondents’desire, either conscious or unconscious, to
gain prestige or appear in a different social role.
|
Thiên
vị trong phản ứng gây ra bởi người trả lời mong muốn, hoặc là có ý thức hay
vô thức, để đạt được uy tín, xuất hiện trong một vai trò xã hội khác nhau.
|
Sorting
|
A measurement
task that presents a respondent with several objects or product concepts and
requires the respondent to arrange the objects into piles or classify the
product concepts.
|
Sắp
xếp
|
Split-ballot
technique
|
The practice
of using two alternative phrasings of the same question for respective halves
of a sample to elicit a more accurate total response than would a single
phrasing.
|
Kỹ
thuật chia lá phiếu
|
Split-half
method
|
A method for
assessing internal consistency by checking the results of one-half of a set
of scaled items against the results from the other half.
|
Phương
pháp phân chia một nửa
|
Spyware
|
Software
placed on a computer without consent or knowledge of the user.
|
Phần
mềm gián điệp
|
Standard
deviation
|
A quantitative
index of a distribution’s spread, or variability; the square root of the
variance for a distribution.
|
Độ
lệch chuẩn
|
Standard error
of the mean
|
The standard
deviation of the sampling distribution.
|
Độ
lệch chuẩn của các mẫu
Phân
phối.
|
Standardized
normal distribution
|
A purely
theoretical probability
distribution
that reflects a specific normal curve for the
standardized
value, Z.
|
Phân
phối chuẩn
|
Standardized
regression coefficient (_)
|
The estimated
coefficient indicating the strength of relationship between an independent
variable and dependent variable expressed on a standardized scale where
higher absolute values indicate stronger relationships (range is from –1 to
1).
|
Hệ
số hồi quy chuẩn (_)
|
Standardized
research service
|
Companies that
develop a unique methodology for investigating a business specialty area.
|
Dịch
vụ nghiên cứu tiêu chuẩn hóa
|
Stapel scale
|
A measure of
attitudes that consists of a single adjective
in the center
of an even number of numerical values.
|
Quy
mô Stapel
Một
thước đo về thái độ bao gồm một tính từ duy nhất ở trung tâm của một số chẵn
các giá trị số.
|
Statistical
base
|
The number of
respondents or observations (in a row or column) used as a basis for
computing percentages.
|
Cơ
sở thống kê
|
Status bar
|
In an Internet
questionnaire, a visual indicator that tells the
respondent
what portion of the survey he or she has completed.
|
Thanh
trạng thái
|
Stratified
sampling
|
A probability
sampling procedure in which simple
random
subsamples that are more or less equal on some characteristic are drawn from
within each stratum of the population.
|
Lấy
mẫu phân tầng
|
String
characters
|
Computer
terminology to represent formatting a variable using a series of alphabetic
characters (nonnumeric characters) that may form a word.
|
Chuỗi
ký tự
|
Structured
question
|
A question
that imposes a limit on the number of allowable responses.
|
Câu
hỏi có cấu trúc
|
Subjective
|
A term meaning
research results are researcher-dependent, meaning different researchers may
reach different conclusions based on the same interview.
|
Chủ
quan
|
Subjects
|
The sampling
units for an experiment, usually human
respondents
who provide measures based on the experimental manipulation.
|
Đối
tượng
|
Summated scale
|
A scale
created by simply summing (adding together) the response to each item making
up the composite measure.
|
Quy
mô summated
|
Survey
|
A research
technique in which a sample is interviewed in some form or the behavior of respondents
is observed and
described in
some way.
|
Khảo
sát
|
Symptoms
|
Observable
cues that serve as a signal of a problem because they are caused by that
problem.
|
Triệu
chứng
|
Syndicated
service
|
A research
supplier that provides standardized information for many clients in return
for a fee.
|
Dịch
vụ cung cấp thông tin
|
Systematic
error
|
Error
resulting from some imperfect aspect of the research design that causes
respondent error or from a mistake in the execution of the research.
|
Lỗi
hệ thống
|
Systematic or
nonsampling error
|
A type of
error that occurs if
the sampling
units in an experimental cell are somehow different than the units in another
cell, and this difference affects the dependent variable.
|
Lỗi
hệ thống hoặc nonsampling
|
Systematic
sampling
|
A sampling
procedure in which a starting point is selected by a random process and then
every nth number on the list is selected.
|
Lấy
mẫu hệ thống
|
Tabulation
|
The orderly
arrangement of data in a table or other summary format showing the number of
responses to each response category; tallying.
|
Sự
chia loại
|
Tachistoscope
|
A device that
controls the amount of time a subject is exposed to a visual image.
|
Tachistoscope
|
T-distribution
|
A symmetrical,
bell-shaped distribution that is contingent
on sample
size, has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation equal to 1.
|
Phân
phối t
|
Telephone
interviews
|
Personal
interviews conducted by telephone, the mainstay of commercial survey research.
|
Các
cuộc phỏng vấn qua điện thoại
|
Television
monitoring
|
Computerized
mechanical observation used to obtain television ratings.
|
Theo
dõi truyền hình
|
Temporal
sequence
|
One of three
criteria for causality that deals with the time order of events—the cause
must occur before the effect.
|
Trình
tự thời gian
|
Tertiary
sampling unit
|
A term used to
designate a unit selected in the third stage of sampling.
|
Đơn
vị lấy mẫu đại học
|
Test of
differences
|
An
investigation of a hypothesis stating that two (or more) groups differ with
respect to measures on a variable.
|
Kiểm
tra sự khác biệt
|
Test
tabulation
|
Tallying of a
small sample of the total number of replies to a particular question in order
to construct coding categories.
|
Kiểm
tra lập bảng
Kiểm
đếm của một mẫu nhỏ của tổng số trả lời cho một câu hỏi cụ thể để xây dựng mã
hóa
Loại.
|
Test units
|
The subjects
or entities whose responses to the experimental
treatment are
measured or observed.
|
Các
đơn vị kiểm tra
|
Testing
effects
|
A nuisance
effect occurring when the initial measurement
or test alerts
or primes subjects in a way that affects their response to the experimental
treatments.
|
Tác
động thử nghiệm
|
Test-market
|
An experiment
that is conducted within actual market conditions.
|
Kiểm
tra thị trường
|
Test-retest
method
|
A reliability
approach involving the administration of the same scale or measure to the
same respondents at two separate points in time.
|
Phương
pháp thử nghiệm kiểm tra lại
|
Thematic
apperception test (TAT)
|
A test that
presents subjects
with an
ambiguous picture(s) in which consumers and products
are the center
of attention; the investigator asks the subject to
tell what is
happening in the picture(s) now and what might
happen next.
|
Kiểm
tra chữ apperception chuyên đề (TAT)
|
Themes
|
Meaning
identified by the frequency with which the same
term (or a
synonym) arises in the narrative description.
|
Chủ
đề
|
Theory
|
A formal,
logical explanation of some events that includes predictions of how things
relate to one another.
|
Lý
thuyết
|
Thurstone
scale
|
An attitude
scale in which judges assign scale values to attitudinal statements and
subjects are asked to respond
to these
statements.
|
Quy
mô Thurstone
|
Time series
design
|
A research
design used for an experiment investigating long-term structural changes.
|
Thiết
kế chuỗi thời gian
|
Timeliness
|
A term
indicating that the data are current enough to still
be relevant.
|
Dòng
thời gian
|
Total quality
management
|
A business
philosophy that emphasizes market-driven quality as a top organizational priority.
|
Quản
lý chất lượng
|
Total
variability
|
The sum of
within-group variance and betweengroups
variance.
|
Tổng
số biến đổi
|
Totally
exhaustive
|
A category
exists for every respondent in among the fixed-alternative categories.
|
Hoàn
toàn đầy đủ
|
Tracking study
|
A type of
longitudinal study that uses successive samples to compare trends and
identify changes in variables such as consumer satisfaction, brand image, or
advertising awareness.
|
Một
loại nghiên cứu theo chiều dọc có sử dụng tiếp mẫu để so sánh và xác định xu
hướng thay đổi trong các biến chẳng hạn như sự hài lòng của người tiêu dùng,
hình ảnh thương hiệu, hoặc quảng cáo
Nhận
thức.
|
T-test
|
A hypothesis
test that uses the t-distribution. A univariate t-test is
appropriate when the variable being analyzed is interval or ratio.
|
Một
thử nghiệm giả thuyết rằng sử dụng phân phối t. Một đơn biến
T-test
là thích hợp khi biến được phân tích là khoảng thời gian
Hoặc
tỷ lệ.
|
Type I error
|
An error
caused by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true; it has a probability
of alpha. Practically, a Type I error occurs when the researcher concludes
that a relationship or difference exits in the population when in reality it
does not exist.
|
Một
lỗi gây ra bởi bác bỏ giả thuyết khi đó là sự thật, nó có khả năng alpha.
Thực tế, một lỗi loại I xảy ra khi các nhà nghiên cứu kết luận rằng một mối
quan hệ không được gộp chung sự khác biệt trong dân số trong khi thực tế
không tồn tại.
|
Type II error
|
An error
caused by failing to reject the null hypothesis when the alternative
hypothesis is true; it has a probability of beta. Practically, a Type II
error occurs when a researcher concludes that no relationship or difference
exists when in fact one does exist.
|
Một
lỗi gây ra bởi không bác bỏ giả thuyết khi giả thuyết là đúng, nó có một xác
suất bản beta. Thực tế, sai lầm loại II xảy ra khi một nhà nghiên cứu kết
luận rằng không có mối quan hệ hoặc sự khác biệt tồn tại trong khi thực tế
Một
không tồn tại.
|
Unbalanced
rating scale
|
A
fixed-alternative rating scale that has more response categories at one end
than the other resulting in an unequal number of positive and negative
categories.
|
Thang
đánh giá không cân bằng
|
Undisguised
questions
|
Straightforward
questions that assume the respondent is willing to answer.
|
Câu
hỏi đơn giản mà giả định trả lời là sẵn sàng trả lời.
|
Uniform
resource locator (URL)
|
A Web site
address that Web
browsers
recognize.
|
Một
địa chỉ trang web mà Web
Trình
duyệt công nhận.
|
Unit of
analysis
|
What or who
should provide the data and at what level of aggregation it should be nalyzed (organizations, strategic business
units, departments, families, individuals . . .).
|
Đơn
vị phân tích
Những
gì hoặc những người cần cung cấp các dữ liệu và mức độ của sự kết hợp đó phải
được phân tích (các tổ chức, đơn vị chiến lược kinh doanh, cơ quan, gia đình,
cá nhân. . .).
|
Univariate
statistical analysis
|
Tests of
hypotheses involving only one variable.
|
Phân
tích thống kê đơn biến
Kiểm
tra các giả thuyết chỉ liên quan đến một biến.
|
Unobtrusive
methods
|
Methods in
which research respondents do not have to be disturbed for data to be gathered.
|
Phương
pháp không phô trương
Phương
pháp mà người trả lời nghiên cứu làm không phải bị quấy rầy để dữ liệu được
thu thập.
|
Unstructured
question
|
A question
that does not restrict the respondents’ answers.
|
Câu
hỏi không có cấu trúc
Một
câu hỏi mà không hạn chế câu trả lời của người trả lời.
|
Validity
|
The accuracy
of a measure or the extent to which a score
truthfully
represents a concept.
|
Hiệu
lực
|
Value labels
|
Unique labels
assigned to each possible numeric code for a response.
|
Nhãn giá trị
|
Variable
piping software
|
Software that
allows variables to
be inserted
into an Internet questionnaire as a respondent is
completing it.
|
Phần
mềm đường ống biến
Phần
mềm cho phép biến được chèn vào một bảng câu hỏi internet như một người trả
lời là hoàn thành nó.
|
Variable
.
|
Anything that
varies or changes from one instance to another; variables can exhibit
differences in value, usually in magnitude or strength, or in direction
|
Biến
|
Variance
|
A measure of
variability or dispersion. Its square root is the standard deviation.
|
Một
biện pháp thay đổi hoặc phân tán. Căn bậc hai của nó là độ lệch chuẩn.
|
Variate
|
A mathematical
way in which a set of variables can be represented with one equation.
|
Một
cách toán học, trong đó một tập hợp các biến thể được biểu diễn
Với
một phương trình.
|
Verification
|
Quality-control
procedures in fieldwork intended to ensure that interviewers are following
the sampling procedures and to determine whether interviewers are cheating.
|
Xác
minh
Thủ
tục kiểm soát chất lượng trong nghiên cứu thực địa nhằm mục đích
Đảm
bảo rằng người phỏng vấn đang theo dõi các thủ tục lấy mẫu
Và
để xác định xem người phỏng vấn là gian lận.
|
Visible
observation
|
Observation in
which the observer’s presence is known to the subject.
|
Quan
sát có thể nhìn thấy
Quan
sát, trong đó sự hiện diện của quan sát viên được biết đến.
|
Voice-pitch
analysis
|
A
physiological measurement technique that records abnormal frequencies in the
voice that are supposed to reflect emotional reactions to various stimuli.
|
Phân
tích giọng nói
Một
kỹ thuật đo lường sinh lý
|
Welcome screen
|
The first Web
page in an Internet survey, which introduces the survey and requests that the
respondent enter a password or pin.
|
Trang
web đầu tiên trong một cuộc khảo sát Internet, giới thiệu các cuộc điều tra
và yêu cầu bị đơn nhập mật khẩu hoặc pin.
|
Within-group
error or variance
|
The sum of the
differences
between
observed values and the group mean for a given set of
observations,
also known as total error variance.
|
Tổng
số các khác biệt giữa các giá trị quan sát và nhóm có nghĩa là một tập hợp
các quan sát, còn được gọi là tổng phương sai lỗi.
|
Within-subjects
design
|
Involves
repeated measures because with each treatment the same subject is measured.
|
Liên
quan đến các biện pháp lặp đi lặp lại bởi vì với mỗi lần điều tra cùng một
chủ đề được đo.
|
World wide web
(www)
|
A portion of
the internet that is a
system of
computer servers that organize information into documents called Web pages.
|
Một
phần của Internet mà là một
Hệ
thống máy chủ mà tổ chức thông tin trong tài liệu gọi là các trang web.
|
Z-test for differences
of proportions
|
A technique
used to test the hypothesis that proportions are significantly different for
two
independent
samples or groups.
|
Một
kỹ thuật được sử dụng để kiểm tra giả thuyết cho rằng tỷ lệ đáng kể khác nhau
cho hai mẫu độc lập hoặc nhóm.
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YourVietBooks is a selection of books and articles on and about Vietnam. Categories include: Culture, History, Vietnam War, Politics, Biographies, Contemporary Vietnam, International Relations, Doing Business in Vietnam, Reference and Languages, Zen Buddhism, Philosophy, Art and Literature. Some articles are available only in English, French, German or Vietnamese. Our qualified and experienced translators can provide translations of e-books or articles on demand. Read more...